![]() Harnessing the energy from oxidative phosphorylation while minimizing cellular stress and damage is an eternal struggle transcending specific organ systems or species, a conflict that shaped an assortment of gas-exchange systems. While aerobic respiration is essential for efficient metabolic energy production, a prerequisite for complex organisms, cumulative cellular oxygen stress has also made senescence and death inevitable. Oxygen, a vital gas and a lethal toxin, represents a trade-off with which all organisms have had a conflicted relationship. Through the evolutionary directions and variety of gas exchangers, their shared features and individual compromises may be appreciated. We, therefore, survey the comparative anatomy and physiology of respiratory systems from invertebrates to vertebrates, water to air breathers, and terrestrial to aerial inhabitants. ![]() In an evolutionary context, certain species also become adapted to environmental conditions or habitual organismic demands. Within an organism's lifespan, the respiratory apparatus adapts in various ways to upregulate oxygen uptake in hypoxia and restrict uptake in hyperoxia. Here, we review the origin of oxygen homeostasis, a primal selection factor for all respiratory systems, which in turn function as gatekeepers of the cascade. Efficient respiratory gas exchange, coupled to downstream convective and diffusive resistances, comprise the “oxygen cascade”-step-down of PO 2 that balances supply against toxicity. Disparate systems exhibit similar directions of adaptation: toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers, finer dynamic regulation, and reduced cost of breathing. adult lungs) or simultaneous (e.g., skin, gills, and lungs in some salamanders). ![]() Habitat expansion compels the use of different gas exchangers, for example, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs, and their intermediate stages, that may coexist within the same species coexistence may be temporally disjunct (e.g., larval gills vs. Ambient oxygen tension ( PO 2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, enabling organisms to migrate from water to land and air and sometimes in the opposite direction. It is good to see that they have continued the progress of their game since I had an interview with them a couple years back and that their game is finally reaching its official release date for their Early Access.Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the environment. There are two other currently available game editions, “ Angels of The Abyss” and “ Devils of The Abyss”, which allow users to receive more exclusive packages, skins, and more. Getting the Abyss edition of JoE comes with the exclusive " Made in The Abyss" outfit compatible with the story protagonists and custom multiplayer characters. However, if you can get up to 70% off if paid with platform-specific ABYSS tokens. In the case of Jaws of Extinction, or JoE, they are launching the game to the Abyss platform first and currently have it available for pre-order at 40% off. The foundation of this platform is user friendly and they are hoping to provide an easy way for players to get games at an affordable price by using their “Abyss Tokens” when purchasing a game or any in-game content. If you don’t know about The Abyss yet, it is an MMO-focused platform that intends to host games without the need for exclusivity. ![]() While they are still planning to launch on Steam, they will be providing an early launch for those that purchase their game through the new Abyss platform! It has been a while since we have received some solid news from they KYE Creations team on their zombie sandbox title Jaws of Extinction, but with plans in full force to launch Early Access in Summer 2019, we have received a big announcement. ![]()
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